3-H in 3-D: envisaging beyond the current hype, the hope and hurdles of three-dimensional "virtual planning" in orthognathic surgery / 3-H en 3-D: contemplando más allá del entusiasmo actual, la esperanza y los obstáculos de la "planificación virtual" tridimensional en cirugía ortognática

SUMMARY: Recent technical and technological advancements in orthognathic surgery concepts, intricate in the diagnosis and treatment planning for corrections of dento-facial deformities, have achieved stable oro-dental functional occlusion and facial esthetic harmony. Undeniably, this can be attributed to the integration of modern, innovative and advanced facial analysis and computer-aided imaging exams into well-orchestrated and executed orthodontic and surgical methods. Three-Dimensional (3-D) virtual planning is a fine example. Today, the acquisition of 3-D images of a patient's craniofacial complex via cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), supported by software tools allowing the construction of 3-D dynamic and interactive visual models, eliminates the uncertainty experienced with two-dimensional images. Thereby allowing for a more accurate or predictable treatment plan and efficient surgery, especially for patients with complex dento-facial deformities. This review article aims to describe the current benefits as well as shortcomings of 3-D virtual planning via discussing examples and illustrations from orthognathic procedures, attained from the reported English and Spanish literature during the last 10 years. It is designed to deliver updated and practical guidelines for dental practitioners and specialists (particularly, oral and maxillofacial), as well as researchers involved in 3-D virtual approaches as an alternative to conventional/traditional surgical planning; thereby validating its superiority or benefits in terms of outcome prediction for soft and hard tissues, operational timeand cost-effectiveness; for its integration in day-to-day practise.

RESUMEN: Los recientes avances técnicos y tecnológicos en los conceptos de la cirugía ortognática, involucrados en la planificación del diagnóstico y tratamiento para la corrección de deformidades dento-faciales han sido notablemente considerables en lograr una oclusión oro-dental funcional y una estética facial armónica. Innegablemente, esto se puede atribuir a la integración de análisis faciales avanzados, modernos e innovadores y exámenes de imágenes asistidos por computadora a métodos ortodonticos y quirúrgicos bien orquestados y ejecutados. La planificación virtual tri-dimensional (3-D) es un buen ejemplo. Hoy, la adquisición de imágenes 3-D del complejo cranio-facial de pacientes vía tomografía computarizada cone beam (TCCB), apoyada por herramientas computacionales, permite la construcción de modelos visuales 3-D dinámicos e interactivos, eliminando la incertidumbre experimentada con las imágenes bi-dimensionales. Permitiendo, de este modo, un plan de tratamiento más preciso o predecible y una cirugía más eficaz, especialmente para pacientes con deformaciones dento-faciales complejas. Este artículo de revisión tiene como objetivo el describir los actuales beneficios, así como las limitaciones de la planificación virtual a través de la discusión de ejemplos de procedimientos ortognáticos, obtenidos de la literatura reportada en inglés y español durante los últimos 10 años. Fue diseñado para entregar una actualización resumida y una guía práctica para los practicantes y especialistas interesados (particularmente, oro y maxilofaciales), explícitamente, así como a los investigadores involucrados en aproximaciones 3-D como una alternativa a la planificación quirúrgica convencional/tradicional; validando así su superioridad o beneficios en términos de predicción de resultados para tejidos blandos y duros, efectividad en tiempo operacional y costos; para su integración en la práctica cotidiana.

Low-level laser effect in patients with neurosensory impairment of mandibular nerve after sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Randomized clinical trial, controlled by placebo

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effect on the application of low level laser therapy, in patients that have been previously intervened with a sagittal ramus split osteotomy and present neurosensory impairment due to this surgery, compared with placebo. Study DESIGN: This preliminary study is a randomized clinical trial, with an experimental group (n=17) which received laser light and a control group (n=14), placebo. All participants received laser applications, divided after surgery in days 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 14, 21 and 28. Neurosensory impairment was evaluated clinically with 5 tests; visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and sensitivity, directional and 2 point discrimination, thermal discrimination, each one of them performed before and after surgery on day 1, and 1, 2 and 6 months. Participants and results evaluator were blinded to intervention. Variables were described with absolute frequencies, percentages and medians. Ordinal and dichotomous variables were compared with Mann Whitney's and Fisher's test respectively. RESULTS: Results demonstrate clinical improvement in time, as well as in magnitude of neurosensory return for laser group; VAS for sensitivity reached 5 (normal), 10 participants recovered initial values for 2 point discrimination (62,5%) and 87,5% recovered directional discrimination at 6 months after surgery. General VAS for sensitivity showed 68,75% for laser group, compared with placebo 21,43% (p-value = (0.0095). Left side sensitivity (VAS) showed 3.25 and 4 medians for placebo and laser at 2 months, respectively (p-value = (0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Low-level laser therapy was beneficial for this group of patients on recovery of neurosensory impairment of mandibular nerve, compared to a placebo

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Low-level laser effect in patients with neurosensory impairment of mandibular nerve after sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Randomized clinical trial, controlled by placebo.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect on the application of low level laser therapy, in patients that have been previously intervened with a sagittal ramus split osteotomy and present neurosensory impairment due to this surgery, compared with placebo. STUDY DESIGN: This preliminary study is a randomized clinical trial, with an experimental group (n=17) which received laser light and a control group (n=14), placebo. All participants received laser applications, divided after surgery in days 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 14, 21 and 28. Neurosensory impairment was evaluated clinically with 5 tests; visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and sensitivity, directional and 2 point discrimination, thermal discrimination, each one of them performed before and after surgery on day 1, and 1, 2 and 6 months. Participants and results evaluator were blinded to intervention. Variables were described with absolute frequencies, percentages and medians. Ordinal and dichotomous variables were compared with Mann Whitney's and Fisher's test respectively. RESULTS: RESULTS demonstrate clinical improvement in time, as well as in magnitude of neurosensory return for laser group; VAS for sensitivity reached 5 (normal), 10 participants recovered initial values for 2 point discrimination (62,5%) and 87,5% recovered directional discrimination at 6 months after surgery. General VAS for sensitivity showed 68,75% for laser group, compared with placebo 21,43% (p-value = (0.0095)). Left side sensitivity (VAS) showed 3.25 and 4 medians for placebo and laser at 2 months, respectively (p-value = (0.004)). CONCLUSION: Low-level laser therapy was beneficial for this group of patients on recovery of neurosensory impairment of mandibular nerve, compared to a placebo.